Berdasarkan bentuknya,
noun dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu concrete noun dan abstract noun. Concrete noun
adalah noun yang dapat diamati oleh pancaindra.
Contoh:
book |
smartphone |
dictionary |
plate |
desk |
classroom |
cpillow |
spoon |
chair |
pencil |
soap |
door |
cup |
eraser |
glass |
Window |
bag |
book |
table |
broom |
Sedangkan abstract noun
adalah kata benda yang tidak dapat diamati oleh panca- Indra, artinya kata
benda tersebut bersifat abstrak. Noun jenis ini biasanya ditandal dengan
akhiran: ace, age, ance, ancy, ion, sion, tion, dom, hood, ice, ism, ment,
ness, ship, ity, ty.
love |
happiness |
motivation |
opportunity |
freedom |
emergency |
affection |
maturity |
liberty |
brotherhood |
idea |
hope |
truth |
emergency |
fear |
growth |
pain |
dishonesty |
disturbance |
Divorce |
life |
dream |
need |
loneliness |
patience |
evil |
inflation |
peace |
failure |
insanity |
peculiarity |
faith |
mercy |
union |
fascination |
movement |
wariness |
pleasure |
luxury |
Opinion |
poverty |
fragility |
sacrifice |
intelligence |
principle |
reality |
irritation |
friendship |
joy |
trust |
joss |
hatred |
Berdasarkan bisa
tidaknya dihitung, kata benda dibagi menjadi dua, countable noun dan
uncountable noun. Countable noun adalah noun yang dapat dihitung, dengan ciri
sebagai berikut:
-
dapat diikuti oleh hitungan 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, dan seterusnya
-
dapat diikuti oleh artikel a dan an
(bentuk tunggal)
-
dapat ditambah akhiran-s dan-es (bentuk
jamak)
contoh:
Tunggal |
Jamak |
Tunggal |
Jamak |
Chair |
Chairs |
Dictionary |
Dictionaries |
Book |
Books |
Broom |
Brooms |
Table |
Tables |
Pen |
Pens |
Berikut ini adalah
beberapa pola perubahan kata benda tunggal menjadi jamak:
Dengan Menambahkan Akhiran -s |
song-songs |
|
Dengan Menambahkan akhiran -es pada
kata-kata yang berakhiran -ch,sh,-s, -x, -z |
box-bocxes |
|
Dengan menambahkan akhiran-es pada
kata-kata yang berakhiran konsonan + y |
baby-babies body-bodies |
|
Noun dengan perubahan tak beraturan |
man-men ox-oxen tooth-teeth woman-women |
mouse-mice child-children goose-geese louse-lice |
Noun dengan akhiran -0 ditambahkan
-es untuk menjadikan bentuk pluralnya |
echo-echoes hero-heroes |
potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes |
Noun dengan akhiran -o yang lain
hanya ditambah-s
|
auto-autos radio-radios ghetto-ghettos solo-solos kangaroo-kangaroos piano-pianos soprano-sopranos |
zoo-zoos kilo-kilos studio-studios memo-memos tatoo-tatoos photo-photos video-videos |
Ada pula yang ditambahkan
dengan-satau-es |
memento- mementoes/tos mosquito-mosquitoes/ tos |
tornado-tornadoes/dos volcano-volcanoes/nos zero-zeroes/ros |
Noun dengan akhiran -fatau -ef diubah
menjadi -ves untuk bentuk pluralnya
|
calf-calves life-lives thief-thieves half-halves loaf-loaves wolf-wolves |
knife-knives self-selves leaf-leaves shelf-shelves scarf-scarves/rfs |
Beberapa noun lain yang memiliki
akhiran -f hanya ditambah dengan -s untuk membentuk pluralnya |
belief-beliefs chief-chiefs |
chief-chiefs roof-roofs |
Noun yang merupakan kata serapan dari
bahasa lain mempunyai bentuk plural sebagai berikut
|
criterion-criteria phenomenon-phenomena cactus-cacti/tuses stimulus-stimuli fungus-fungi syllabus-syllabi/buses nucleus-nuclei formula-formulae vertebra-vertebrae appendix-appendices/dixes index-indices/dexes analysis-analyses |
oasis-oases basis-bases parenthesis-parentheses crisis-crises thesis-theses hypothesis-hypotheses bacterium-bacteria medium-media curriculum-curricula memorandum-memoranda datum-data |
Uncountable noun adalah
noun yang tidak dapat dihitung. Adapun ciri-cirinya berkebalikan dari countable
noun, yaitu:
-
tidak dapat diikuti oleh hitungan 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, dan seterusnya
-
tidak dapat diikuti oleh artikel a dan
an
-
tidak dapat ditambah-s dan-es
Common noun adalah noun
yang mengacu pada hal-hal yang masih umum sehingga penulisannya tidak
menggunakan huruf kapital, kecuali mengawali sebuah kalimat atau judul.
Sedangkan proper noun merupakan hiponim dari common noun. Pada umumnya
penulisannya mengharuskan huruf kapital.
Contoh :
Common Noun |
Proper Noun |
City |
Surabaya |
Country |
Indonesia |
Day |
Thursday |
Month |
November |
Collective noun adalah
noun yang menunjukkan adanya suatu gabungan, baik itu orang, tempat, ataupun
benda.
Contoh:
Army |
Government |
Audience |
Group |
Class |
Jury |
Club |
Organization |
Committee |
Public |
Congress |
Staff |
Crowd |
Team |
Fungsi
Noun
1. Sebagai subject
-
The
singer is singing beautifully on the stage
-
December
is her favourite month.
2. Sebagai object
- My mother is cooking rice.
- I bought some candies for my
little sister.
3. Sebagai object of preposition
(objek preposisi)
- We are going to fly to Japan
tomorrow.
4. Sebagai subjective complement
(penjelas subjek)
- He is a lawyer.
- She is a lecturer.
5. Sebagai objective complement
(penjelas objek)
- Mr. and Mrs. Anderson named their
baby Laura.
6. Modifier of noun phrase (penjelas
noun phrase)
- World War
7. Sebagai head of noun phrase (inti
noun phrase)
- Clean room
- New car
Personal Pronoun adalah kata ganti perseorangan
Subject |
I |
You |
We |
They |
She |
He |
It |
Object |
Me |
You |
Us |
Them |
Her |
Him |
It |
Contoh:
Personal
pronoun sebagai subject
-
I have sent two emails.
- You can pass this examination.
- We bought some books for Tani
Personal pronoun sebagai object
- She was calling me yesterday.
- Sean told us to leave this building.
Possessive Pronoun adalah kata ganti kepemilikan
yang tidak diikuti oleh noun.
Contohnya, mine, yours, ours, theirs, hers, dan his
Contoh:
-This motorcycle is mine.
-Those magazines are his.
-That car is mine
Demonstrative
pronoun adalah kata tunjuk yang tidak diikuti oleh kata
benda.
This That These Those |
ini, untuk singular itu, untuk singular ini, untuk plural itu, untuk plural |
Contoh:
- I want to buy that red car.
- Does she plant those flowers?
Reflexive
pronoun adalah kata ganti yang dihasilkan dari pantulan pronoun itu sendiri.
Myself Yourself Yourselves Ourselves Themselves Herself Himself Itself |
diriku dirimu diri kalian diri kita diri mereka dirinya (perempuan) dirinya (laki-laki) dirinya (hewan/benda) |
Contoh:
- She
will go to Singapore by herself.
- Does
he finish the reports by himself?
Reciprocal
pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menyatakan hubungan timbal
balik (saling hubungan) antara individu-individu baik dua atau lebih dari dua.
Each
other One
another |
untuk 2 orang untuk lebih dari 2
orang |
Contoh:
-
Jenny
and James are talking to each other in front of the office.
-
We
should help one another in this project.
Definite
pronoun adalah kata ganti yang sudah jelas. Dikatakan sudah
jelas karena pronoun tersebut telah
mengandung nilai tertentu.
The other The others |
untuk 1 orang atau
benda untuk lebih dari 1
orang atau benda |
Indefinite
pronoun adalah kata ganti yang tidak jelas. Kata ganti
tersebut tidak mempunyai kata rujukan yang jelas.
a.
sebagai kata tunggal
someone |
somebody |
something |
anyone |
anybody |
anything |
everyone |
everybody |
everything |
no one |
nobody |
nothing |
another |
each |
much |
one |
either |
neither |
Contoh:
- Somebody
has to help him.
- Each student in this class brings the dictionary.
b.
kata tunggal atau kata jamak
all |
none |
any |
most |
some |
|
Contoh:
- None
knows where she lives.
- Some
apartments are sold in low price.
Interrogative pronoun adalah kata tanya yang digunakan untuk menanyakan noun dan pronoun.
Who |
untuk
menanyakan subjek berupa orang |
Whom |
untuk
menanyakan objek berupa orang |
What |
menanyakan
subjek dan objek non-person (bukan
orang) |
Which |
untuk
menanyakan pemilihan |
Whose |
untuk
menanyakan kepemilikan |
Contoh:
- Who is she?
- Whom did you meet yesterday?
- What do you want to do?
- Which one do you choose?
- Whose car is this?
Relative Pronoun adalah kata ganti yang sekaligus menjadi conjuction.
Who Whom Which That | person + who + V+ (O) person + whom + S + V non-person + which + V+ (O) atau S + V person/non-person + that + V + (O) atau S + V |
Fungsi Pronoun
1.Sebagai subject
Contoh:
- He is a wise teacher.
- She is an intelligent student.
2.Sebagai object
Contoh:
- I will call you tomorrow morning.
- I met him at Juanda International Airport
3.Sebagai subject
Contoh:
- I will call you tomorrow morning.
- I met him at Juanda International
Airport.
4.Sebagai subject
Contoh:
- I will wait for you at the lobby.
1. Descriptive Adjective
Descriptive adjective adalah adjective yang menggambarkan atau menjelaskan keadaan noun atau pronoun yang meliputi ukuran, bentuk. warna, bau. rasa, dan sebagainya. Jika kata sifat yang digunakan lebih dari satu, maka urutannya adalah sebagai berikut:
Character and Quality
friendly |
kind |
beautiful |
ugly |
smart |
greedy |
brilliant |
ugly |
honest |
pretty |
handsome |
arrogant |
Size
small |
big |
short |
huge |
tall |
long |
thick |
high |
low |
thin |
wide |
near |
Age and Temperature
old |
young |
ancient |
modern |
warm |
hot |
Participles
puzzled |
bored |
tired |
puzzling |
boring |
tiring |
|
|
|
confused |
interested |
scaring |
confusing |
interesting |
scared |
amazed |
disappointed |
frightened |
amazing |
disappointing |
frightening |
amused |
annoyed |
charmed |
amusing |
annoying |
charming |
satisfied |
confused |
shocked |
…
|
|
|
..
|
|
|
|
|
right
triangle |
|
|
Hexagon |
|
cube |
Star |
……
white |
black |
blue |
red |
pink |
orange |
grey |
green |
yellow |
Possessive Adjective adalah adjective kepemilikan yang harus diikuti
oleh noun.
My |
My magazine |
Your |
Your car |
Our |
Our house |
Their |
Their dictionaries |
Her |
Her report |
His |
His bicycle |
Its |
Its fur |
Possessive proper adjective adalah kepemilikan yang menggunakan noun sebagai kata sifatnya.
Singular
Noun |
Possessive
Form |
The boy |
The boy’s |
Maria |
Maria’s |
My aunt |
My aunt’s |
Plural
Noun |
Possessive
Form |
The boys |
The boys’ |
The ladies |
The ladies’ |
My children |
My children’s |
Demonstrative
Adjective adalah kata tunjuk yang diikuti oleh noun.
This (ini) |
Singular |
This car is mine |
These (ini) |
Plural |
These cars are mine |
That (itu) |
Sigular |
That car is mine |
Those (itu) |
Plural |
Those cars are mine |
A
atau an digunakan untuk singular noun yang bersifat umum. A
digunakan untuk kata dengan bunyi konsonan, sedangkan an digunakan untuk kata dengan bunyi vokal. Jadi pemakaian article a dan an bukan didasarkan pada tulisan kata melainkan bunyi atau
pengucapan kata.
Contoh:
An
umbrella
An
Honor
An
Hour
A
cup
A
book
A
table
The dapat digunakan untuk kata benda singular, plural, maupun uncountable. The digunakan untuk kata benda yang dimaksud sudah Jelas/spesifik. Berikut Ini adalah beberapa aturan untuk menggunakan the.
- Gunakan the dengan bentuk plural dari oceans, rivers, seas, lakes, gulfs. Contohnya, The Atlantic Ocean, tapi Jangan gunakan
untuk singular lake, contohnya Lake Erie, Lake Geneva, dan sebagainya.
- Gunakan the untuk mountains, misalnya The Rocky Mountains atau The Andes. Namun, Jangan gunakan untuk mounts, misalnya Mount Vesuvius.
- Gunakan the untuk earth dan moon, tapil
Jangan gunakan untuk planets dan constellation. Misalnya, The Earth, The Moon, Venus, Mars, dan sebagainya.
- Gunakan the Jika frasa yang digunakan diawali
dengan university, college, school, misalnya The University of Florida. Namun,
Jangan gunakan the jika frasa diawali dengan proper noun. Contohnya, Santa Fe
Community College, Stetson university. dan sebagainya
- Gunakan thejika
menggunakan ordinalnumbersebelum noun, misalnya The first World war,the second
chapter, dan sebagainya. Namun,jangan gunakan the jika menggunakan cardinal
number setelah noun, misalnya World War One. chapter two. dan sebagainya.
- Gunakan the jika certain
countries or groups of countries with more than one word, misalnya The United
States, The United Kingdom, dan sebagainya. Namun jangan gunakan the jika
countries preceded by new or an adjective such as a direction, misalnya North
Korea, South Africa, dan sebagainya. Jangan puta gunakan the untuk negara yang
terdiri atas satu kata, misalnya Venezuela, Sweden, dan sebagainya
- Gunakan the
untuk historical documents, misalnya The Constitution, The Magna Carta
- Jangan gunakan the untuk
continents atau benua, contohnya Europe, Africa, South America
- Gunakan the untuk ethnic
group, misalnya The Indians, the Aztecs
- Jangan gunakan the untuk
nama negara bagian atau states, misalnya Florida, Ohio, Califomia
- Jangan gunakan the untuk
nama olahraga, misalnya baseball, basketball
- Jangan gunakan the untuk subject atau nama pelajaran Mathematics,Sociology
- Jangan gunakan the untuk nama hari Iibur, misalnya Christmas, Thanksgiving
Exdamatory Adjective adalah adjective yang digunakan dalam berseru.
Rumus:
What
+ a/ an + N/ NP (S + V)! |
Contoh:
- What
a lucky girl!
- Whata
nice day!
- What
a dreadful idea!
Interrogative adjective
adatah adjective yang digunakan untuk bertanya. Anggota:
What + N Which + N Whose + N |
Contoh:
- What time it is?
-
Which car do you want to buy?
-
Whose car is this?
Numeraladjective adalah bilangan atau
hitungan yang difungsikan sebagai adjective. Anggota:
a. Cardinal number
Anggota: |
one
two, three, four, five ... |
Pola: |
cardinal
number + noun |
Contoh: |
one year, two years, three years one person, two people, six people |
b. Ordinal number
Anggota: |
first
(1 st), second (2nd), third (3rd), forth (4th), fifth (5th),…. |
Pota: |
the
+ ordinal number + noun |
Contoh: |
the first line (=Line 1) the fifth edition (= Edition 1) the seventh picture (=Picture 7) |
c. Multiplication
Anggota: |
a)
single, double, triple, ... |
Contoh: |
single room, single process double star, double degree triple block, triple cord |
|
b)
twofold, threefold, fourfold |
Contoh: |
twofold
increase, threefold price |
|
c)
a pair, a dozen |
Contoh: |
a
pair ofsandals, two dozen roses |
Indefinite quantity adalah jumlah tak jelas yang difungsikan sebagai adjective
Banyak |
many + plural |
many mistakes |
|
a large/great number of + plural |
a large number of victims |
|
much + uncountable |
much money |
|
a
large/great deal of + uncountable |
a large deal of water |
|
a
large/great amount of + uncountable |
a great amount offund |
|
a
large/great quantity of + uncountable |
a great quantity ofinformation |
|
a wealth of + uncountable |
a wealth ofgold |
|
plenty of + plura/uncountable |
plenty ofInk |
|
a lot of + plural/uncountable |
a lot ofpeople |
Sedikit |
(a) fewe + plural (a) little + uncountable |
(a) few mountains (a) little time |
Beberapa |
some" + plural several + plural |
some books several days |
Cukup |
enough sufficient adequate |
enough time suffcient evidence adequate
research |
Setiap |
each + singular every + singular |
each class every group |
Kebanyakan |
most + plural/ uncountable |
mostjewelry |
|
a majority of"' + plural |
a majority ofbirds |
|
the majority of+ plural |
the majority ofthe voters |
Semua |
all + plural/uncountable |
all participants |
Sejumlah/ sebagian |
a number of•••• + plural |
a number ofaccidents |
Berikut ini adalah beberapa fungsi adjective atau kata sifat:
1) Sebagai penjelas subjek
Contoh:
His car is expensive
2) Sebagai penjelas objek
Contoh:
Let’s make it possible
3) Sebagai penjelas noun phrase
Contoh:
Thick book
Clean room
4) Sebagai inti adjective phrase
Contoh:
Completely new
Very beautiful
Too expensive
5) Comparison degrees
(perbandingan)
Contoh:
This car is more expensive than that
Dinamic verb adalah verb yang
menunjukkan aktivitas sehingga disebutjuga action verb.
Contoh:
drink |
drive |
fly |
jump |
climb |
swim |
walk |
run |
sweep |
Contoh:
She drinks a glass of guava
juice
He is swimming with his little brother
Stative verd adalah verb yang menyatakan kondisi atau keadaan. Oleh karena itu, dikenal juga sebagai state verb
Reguler verb, yaitu verb yang memiliki perubahan bentuk beraturan
dalam V2 dan
V3, dilakukan dengan menambahkan -d/ed
Contoh:
V1 |
V2 |
V3 |
erased |
erased |
erased |
watch |
watched |
watched |
delete |
deleted |
deleted |
try |
tried |
tried |
cook |
cooked |
cooked |
Contoh:
He erased some files from his personal computer yesterday.
My mother has cooked a plate of fried rice.
She watches korean movie with her friends.
irregular verb, yaitu verb yang perubahan bentuknya tidak
beraturan pada V2 dan V3.
Transitive verb adalah kata kerja yang membutuhkan
objek. Transitive verb terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu:
a.
Monotransitjve verb (berobjek tunggal)
Pola
S + VT + O |
Contoh:
-
She bought some flowers.
-
You must finish your homework.
-
Iwillsell my apartment.
b.
Ditransitive verb (berobjek ganda)
Pola:
S + VT +
Indirect Object (IO) + Direct Object (DO) S + VT + DO +
to/for + IO |
Contoh:
-
He lent me a car.
-
She explained the problem to me.
Intransitive verb adalah kata kerja yang tidak
memerlukan obJek. Intransitive verb terbagl menjadi 2, yaitu:
a.
Complete predication
Complete predication terjadi ketika susunan S + V
sudah dapat dipahaml maknanya secara jelas dan menyeluruh.
Pola:
S + VI +
(Adverb) |
Contoh:
-
They are singing beautifully.
-
The baby cries every night.
b.
Incomplete predication
Incomplete predication terjadi manakala terdapat
susunan S + V, tetapj makna• nya belum dapat dlpahaml secara Jelas dan
menyeluruh. Verb Intransitif ini ma• Sih memerlukan complement.
Pola
S+ Linking
Verb (LV) + Subjective Complements (SC) |
Beberapa contoh linking verbs adalah sebagai
berikut:
Appear |
look |
Seem |
Be |
become |
come |
Get |
Go |
Grown |
Turn |
Blow |
Blush |
Break |
Fall |
Stand |
Wax |
Feel |
Keep |
Remain |
Stay |
Prove |
Smell |
Sound |
Taste |
1.
Kata kerja utama
Keberadaan kata kerja utama dalam kalimat bahasa
Inggris merupakan hal yang mutlak ada. Ordinary verb terbagi menjadi:
a. Kalimat verbal
Kalimat verbal, yaitu kalimat
yang verb ordinary-nya bukan be (to be)
Contoh:
- She eats some apples
- They are cleaning that room.
-
He has booked the flight tickets.
b.
Kalimat nominal
Kalimat nominal, yaitu kalimat yang verb ordinary-nya
adalah be (to be) (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being).
Contoh:
- Those boys are very handsome.
- She will be an amazing doctor
one day.
- He has not been at home since
yesterday.
2.
Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu)
Verb auxiliary tidak memiliki makna yang jelas atau
tidak berarti dan bermakna, Akan tetapi, keberadaannya dimaksudkan untuk
membantu dalam pembentukan tenses, dan dalam rangkaian verb, auxiliry
menempati bagian sebelum verb terakhir.
Contoh:
-
Each student is writing a scientific article.
-
She will send those letters soon.
-
He had passed the final examination.
Adverb of place and direction adalah adverb yang menyatakan tempat dan arah (di mana suatu hal dilakukan atau berada). Sebagai contoh: here, there, outside, inside, west, east, in that school, beside the mosque, on the desk, dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
I put your magazine on the desk.
Does she study in that school?
Adverb of manner adalah adverb yang menunjukkan cara (bagaimana suatu hal dilakukan). Sebagai contoh fast, slow, hard, express, quick, fluently, slowly, dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
Mario speaks Chinese fluently.
Can you drive slowly?
Adverb of degree adalah adverb yang menunjukkan makna
tingkatan atau intensitas. Berikut ini yang termasuk dalam adverb of degree,
antara lain:
so |
adequately |
just |
very |
pretty |
enough |
highly |
somewhat |
too |
exceedingly |
fairly |
more |
extremely |
rather |
Contoh:
He is very busy right now.
That place is extremely dangerous
Adverb of time adalah adverb yang menunjukkan waktu (kapan suatu kejadian
terjadi).
Adverb of frequency adalah adverb yang menyatakan frekuensi (seberapa sering suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau sesuatu terjadi), sebagai contoh always, usually, normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, never, dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
She always goes shopping at the weekend.
Me usually goes to his grandmother's house once in
a week.
They have never gone to Bali before.
Exclamatory adverb adalah adverb yang digunakan dalam berseru.
Pola:
How +
adjective / adverb + S Vl |
Contoh:
- How funny you are!
- How beautifully she danced!
Explanatory adverb adalah adverb yang
digunakan untuk menjelaskan hal sejenis atau untuk merincikan sesuatu, sebagai
contoh e.g. (exempli gratia), such as, like, as, i.e. (id est), viz
(videlicet), namely
Interrogative adverb adalah adverb yang
digunakan untuk membuat pertanyaan.
Why =
menanyakan alasan Where =
menanyakan tempat When =
menanyakan waktu How =
menanyakan cara,jarak durasi,… |
Sentence adverb
adalah adverb yang berfungsi untuk menjelaskan keseluruhan
kalimat.
Contoh:
Obviously, they will
not finish it on time.
Compound conjuction adalah kata sambung yang menghubungkan hal-hal yang setara, misalnya subject dengan subject, verb dengan verb, object dengan object, adverb dengan adverb, adjective dengan adjective, dan lain lain. Compound conjuction
Yang termasuk dalam coordinate conjunction adalah for (karena), and (dan), nor (tidak juga), but (tetapi), or (atau), yet (tetapi), so (sehingga).
Catatan:
- Coordinate conjunction di atas selalu terletak di tengah kalimat atau di antara dua kalimat. Tidak dibenarkan meletakkan mereka di awal kalimat. Namun conjuction lain bisa digunakan untuk menggantikannya ketika di awal kalimat.
- Conjuction for, yet, dan so selalu menghubungkan kalimat dan koma selalu mengawali mereka.
b. Correlative Conjuction
Both... and... Not only... but also... Either... or... Neither... nor... |
Contoh:
- Not only James but also Mia loves Italian food.
- Neither my sister nor my parents have been here.
Complex conjunction adalah kata sambung yang
menghubungkan antara main clause (Induk kalimat) dan subordinate
clause (anak kalimat). Bertemunya dua jenis klausa ini akan membentuk
kalimat. Adapun anggota complex conjunction meliputi konjungsi selain compound
conjuction, seperti: when, while, which, what, when, where, that, after,
before, till, until because, although, if, dan lain lain.
Terdapat beberapa fungsi
konjungsi, yaitu:
1. Penambahan (cumulative)
Contoh:
He is both clever
and handsome.
2. Pilihan
(alternative)
Contoh:
You can take
either the white T-shirt or the red one.
3. Pertentangan
(adversative)
Contoh:
James is a wise
man, but his little brother isn't.
4. Kesimpulan
(conclusion)
Contoh:
I am ready, so
let's go now.
5. Hubungan
sebab akibat (cause and effect)
Contoh:
He didn't attend
the lecture because he was sick.
6. Pengaruh
atau akibat (Impact)
Contoh:
This soup is so
hot that I cannot eat it.
7. Maksud
dan tujuan (purpose)
Contoh:
You have to drink
much in order that you keep hydrated.
8. Syarat
(condition)
Contoh:
You will pass the
exam if you focus on learning.
9. Pernyataan
mengalah (concession)
Contoh:
He worked all day
even though he was sick.
10. Perbandingan
(comparison)
Contoh:
My house is larger
than yours.
11. Cara
(manner)
Contoh:
He got the ticket
as he came earlier.
12. Waktu
(time)
Contoh:
You can use my PC while I am
outside.
Preposition yang terdiri dari satu kata
memiliki dua bentuk:
a. Tanpa
akhiran-ing
aboard |
before |
during |
off |
throughout |
about |
behind |
except (for) |
on |
till |
above |
below |
for |
opposite |
to |
across |
beneath |
from |
out (of) |
toward(s) |
after |
beside••• |
in |
outside |
under |
against |
besides•••• |
inside |
over |
underneath |
along (side) |
between |
into |
past |
until |
amid (= amidst) |
beyond |
less |
per |
up |
among |
but |
like |
plus |
versus (= against) |
around |
by |
minus |
re |
Via (=by way of) |
at |
despite |
near |
since |
with |
atop (=on top of) |
down |
of |
through |
without |
Contoh:
I
will call you after finishing this report.
Your
shoes are under that table.
b. Dengan
akhiran -ing
baring |
during |
including |
regarding |
touching |
concerning |
excepting |
notwithstanding |
respecting |
|
considering |
excluding |
pending |
saving |
Contoh:
I visited some beautiful places during my holiday in Lombok Island.
a. Dengan
OF
ahead
of |
exclusive
of |
irrespective
of |
east
(west,south, north) of |
apropos
of |
inclusive
of |
regardless
of |
|
because
of |
instead
of |
short
of |
Contoh:
She comes late because of flat tire.
Instead of getting
angry, it's better for you to find the solution.
b. Dengan
TO
according
to |
on
to (= onto) |
relative
to |
antecedent
to |
owing
to |
subject
to |
as
to |
previous
(ly) to |
subsequent
(ly) to |
contrary
to |
prior
to |
thanks
to |
counter
to |
pursuant
to |
up
tox |
due
to |
next
to |
Contoh:
We
cancelled our plan due to the bad weather.
Thanks
to you I can finish this assignment.
c. Dengan WITH
along
with |
concurrently
with |
together
with |
Contoh:
Together
with my team, I can win this tender.
She
comes along with her friends to the party.
d. Dengan FOR
as for |
except (for) |
save (for) |
but (for) |
Contoh
:
As
for my weight, It's about the same no matter what I do.
James
likes sports, except for playing badminton.
e. Dengan FROM
apart from |
aside from |
away from |
Contoh:
Apart from Anfield Stadium, I also visited Emirates Stadium.
f. Dengan UP
up against |
up till |
up to |
up at |
up until |
preposition yang terdiri dari tiga kata atau lebih
meliputi:
PREPOSITION |
PREPOSITION |
||||
By |
dint means order reason virtue way |
of |
on the |
face occasion part point strength top |
of |
at the |
cost hands point risk |
of |
as a |
consequence result |
of |
with the |
exception purpose |
of |
in |
accordance addition advance back care case comparison connection contrast favor front |
With to of of of of with with with of of |
lieu proportion regard respect return splite |
of to to to for of |
||||
with |
an eye a view |
to |
in (the) |
course event face light |
of |
for |
Fear Lack want |
of |
in the |
middle (midst) |
or |
for the |
benefit purpose sake |
of |
in |
common compliance search recognition default opposition |
with with of of of to |
with |
reference regard respect |
to |
on |
account behalf pain |
of |
Selain itu, preposition juga terbagi menjadi:
1. Free Preposition (bebas)
Free preposition adalah preposisi yang penggunaannya tidak terikat
dengan kata- kata tertentu atau, dengan kata lain, yang dapat digunakan secara
bebas.
Contoh:
- I'm sitting on a bench.
- I am at the office.
2. Bound Preposition (terikat)
Bound preposition adalah preposisi yang mempunyai aturan dalam penggunaannya. Preposisi ini digunakan terikat dengan kata-kata tertentu seperti: verb, noun, dan adjective.
a. verb + prep
VERB + PREP |
Contoh:
accuse sb* of apologize (to sb) for apply to sb/for sth** ask for/about attend to beg for believe in beware of change sb with compare sth with comply with comform to consist of deal in depend on dream of fight with sb for fine sb for hope for |
insist on live on (food/money! long for object to occur to persist in prefer sb/sth to sb/sth prepare for quarrel with sb about refer to rely on remain sb of resort to succeed in suspect sb of think of/about wait for warn sb of/about wish for |
b. noun + prep
NOUN + PREP |
Contoh:
choice of excuse for Intention of |
method for possibility for reason for |
c. adj + prep
ADJ + PREP |
Contoh:
absorbed in accustomed to afraid of anxious of/about ashamed of aware of bad at/for capable of confident of exposed to fit for fond of frightened of/at good at/for interested in |
keen on liable for/to nervous of pleased with prepared for proud of ready for responsible for/to scared of sorry for/about successful in suspicious of terrified of tired of used to |
Contoh:
She is interested in arts.
He is good at painting.
They are preparing for their upcoming events.
1. Phrase
Phrase adalah kelompok kata yang
saling berkaitan namun tidak mengandung unsur subject dan verb.
Berikut Ini adalah beberapa phrase dalam bahasa Inggris: noun phrase,
adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, prepositional phrase,
infinitive phrase, gerund phrase, participial phrase, appositive phrase,
dan absolute phrase.
Noun phrase dibentuk dari penggabungan noun (atau pronoun/number) yang
berfungsi sebagal head (inti) pada frasa tersebut dengan satu atau lebih
modifier yang dapat berupa determiner, adverb, adjective, dan
lain lain.
Contoh:
- Her assignment
- Handsome boy
- Interesting movie
- A tiring journey
Noun phrase dalam kalimat:
- She is in the library
for finishing her assignment.
- Look at that handsome boy!
- This is the most
interesting movie I have ever watched.
- What a tiring journey!
Adjective phrase dibentuk dari adjective dan modifier,
determiner, dan/atau qualifier/intensifier.
Contoh:
- very difficult
- fond of cats
- so expensive
Adjective phrase dalam kalimat:
- We got a very difficult
examination.
- He is fond of cats.
- These shoes are so expensive.
Adverbial phrase adalah kelompok kata yang terdiri dari adverb dan
qualifier atau kelompok kata seperti prepositional phrase atau infinitive
phrase yang berperan sebagai adverb.
Contoh:
- very well
- extremely slowly
- very extremely
Adverbial phrase dalam kalimat:
- He did very well in his final
examination.
- She is an extremely slowly
driver.
- We are in the very extremely
dangerous area.
Prepositional phrase adalah gabungan antara preposition
dan objeknya yang disebut object of preposition. Objek tersebut
dapat berupa noun (phrase), pronoun, atau gerund.
Contoh:
-
In the office
-
because of you
- since yesterday
Prepositional phrase dalam kalimat:
- Are you in the office right
now?
- Because of you, I can finish
all these works.
Verb phrase terbentuk atas kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) dan kata kerja utama (main verb).
Contoh:
- Have been living
- Had been working
- Had sold
- Will eat
- Was singing
- Is washing
Verb phrase dalam kalimat:
- Tania and Jenny have been
living in Jakarta for ten years.
- My sister had been working in
that foreign company for five years.
- She had sold her old house.
- They will eat Chinese food.
- She was singing on the stage
beautifully.
- My father is washing his car
right now.
Infinitive phrase merupakan kombinasi antara infinitive dengan objek dan
atau modifier. Frasa ini berfungsi sebagai noun, adjective, dan
adverb.
Contoh:
- to be a better student
- to call him
- to sleep soundly
Infinitive phrase dalam kalimat:
- She is trying to be a better
student.
- The best time to call him is
at night.
- To sleep soundly is difficult
thing for me.
Gerund phrase merupakan kombinasi antara gerund dan object
dan/atau modifier. Gerund phrase di dalam kalimat berfungsi
sebagai noun.
Contoh:
-
being a mother
- walking on the beach
Gerund phrase dalam kalimat:
- Being a mother is her dream.
- She likes walking on the
beach.
Clause merupakan kelompok kata yang terdiri dari subjek dan predikat yang
sesuai dengan tata bahasa. Clause terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu clause yang
bisa berdiri sendiri (Independent clause/main clause) dan yang tidak bisa
berdiri sendiri (dependent clause/ subordinate clause).
Contoh:
- She has finished her
assignment (main clause)
- Because of flat tire
(subordinate clause)
Main clause (independent clause) berarti klausa yang
dapat berdiri sendiri. Perlu diingat bahwa yang namanya clause tidak ada tanda
baca akhirnya, sedangkan jika kalimat itu mempunyai tanda baca akhir maka
namanya sentence.
Contoh:
- She comes late
- He has not submitted his annual report
- Tania is looking for you
Subordinate clause (dependent clause) berarti klausa yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri. Subordinate clause merupakan rangkaian kata yang tidak mampu berdiri sendiri, sebab jika subordinate clause tidak disandingkan dengan main clouse maka makna yang terkandung dalam subordinate clause akan mengambang atau tidak jelas.
Contoh:
- After she finished her
assignment.
- Before you go abroad.
Contoh penggabungan dependent dan independent
clause:
- She had to meet her client
after she finished her assignment.
-
You should visit him before you go abroad.
1. Noun Clause
Noun clause adalah subordinate clause (anak
kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagaimana noun, misalnya menjadi objek. Ada
beberapa subordinating conjunction yang digunakan dalam noun clause,
seperti that, how, when, where, why, what, whom, who, whoever, whatever, if,
whether, dan lain sebagainya.
Contoh:
- What you want
- Where you live
- How you repaired the printer
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
I don't know what you want.
-
I don't know where you live.
-
Can you tell me how you repaired the printer?
2. Adjective Clause
Adjective clause adalah subordinate clause yang berfungsi
sebagaimana adjective (kata sifat), yaitu untuk menjelaskan atau
membatasi noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti) yang ada
dalam main clause. Adjective clause selalu terletak setelah noun.
Ada beberapa subordinating conjunction yang berada dalam adjective
clause, seperti who, whom, which, whose, that, dan lain sebagainya.
Contoh:
-
Who was smiling at me
-
Whom she helped two days ago
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
I am looking for the girl who was smiling at me.
-
Maria met the old woman whom she helped two days ago.
3. Adverb Clause
Adverb clause adalah subordinate clause yang berfungsi
untuk menerangkan adverb (kata keterangan), verb (kata kerja), adjective
(kata sifat), dan lain sebagainya, yang ada dalam main clause.
Contoh:
- Because they didn't study hard
- If I have much time
Contoh dalam kalimat:
- They didn't pass the
university entrance test because they didn't study hard.
- If I have much time, I will
visit her often.
4. Clause of Comparison
Clause of comparison adalah adverb clause
yang menerangkan perbandingan. Ada beberapa subordinating conjunction yang
digunakan dalam clause of comparison, seperti as/so...as..... than,
less... than. Clause of comparison merupakan nama lain dari adverb
clause of comparison.
Contoh:
- As well as she does
- Than the previous one
Contoh dalam kalimat:
-
Maria doesn't play tennis as well as she does.
-
This gown is better than the previous one.
5. Clause of Condition
Clause of
condition adalah adverb clause yang berupa kalimat bersyarat. Clause of
condition disebut juga conditional sentence, clouse if, atau adverb
clause of condition.
Contoh:
- If it rains
- If you study hard
Contoh dalam kalimat:
- We will cancel our picnic if
it rains.
- You will pass the final
examination if you study hard.
6. Clause of Exception
Clause of exception adalah clause yang
berfungsi sebagai pengecualian. Subordinating conjunction yang biasanya
mengawali clause of exception, antara lain:
-
except that/excepting that
-
save that (formal)/saving that
-
beyond that
-
but that (formal)
-
only (that)
- other that (the fact) that
Contoh:
- Only that there is small
mistake in the presentation
- Other that he is a naughty boy
Kalimat secara umum didefinisikan sebagai kata atau
kelompok kata yang mengungkapkan suatu gagasan secara menyeluruh dengan
memberikan pernyataan/perintah, atau mengajukan pertanyaan, atau berseru.
1. Berdasarkan bentuk predikatnya, kalimat dapat dibagi menjadi 2
(dua) macam yaitu:
a.
Verbal sentences
b.
Non verbal sentences
2. Berdasarkan penggunaannya dapat dibagi menjadi 4 (empat) macam,
yaitu:
a. Declarative sentence (kalimat pernyataan)
b.
Interrogative sentence (kalimat tanya)
c.
Imperative sentence (kalimat perintah)
d.
Exclamation sentence (kalimat seru)
3.Berdasarkan strukturnya, jenis kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris dapat
dibagi menjadi 3 (tiga) macam, yaitu:
a.
Simple sentence (kalimat sederhana)
b.
Compound sentences (kalimat majemuk setara)
c.
Complex sentences (kalimat sempurna)
a. Verbal Sentences
Verbal sentences (kalimat verbal) adalah kalimat yang predikatnya
berasal dari kata kerja.
Contoh:
-
She loves watching Korean dramas.
-
He is washing his car right now.
-
They were doing their assignments in the library.
b. Non Verbal Sentences
Non verbal sentences (kalimat bukan verbal) adalah
kalimat yang predikatnya bukan berasal dari asli kata kerja tetapi berasal dari
kata kerja bantu dasar yang berupa "to be". Terdapat beberapa
kalimat yang tergolong dalam kalimat ini, ya itu:
1)
Nominal sentence, yaitu kalimat di mana setelah "to be"
berasal dari nouns (kata benda).
Contoh
-
She is a college student.
-
He is a policeman.
2) Adjectival sentence adalah kalimat di mana setelah kata "to
be" berasal dari adjectives (kata sifat).
Contoh:
-
That girl is diligent.
- Those singers are handsome.
3)
Adverbial sentence, yaitu kalimat di mana setelah kata "to be"
berasal dari adverbs.
Contoh:
-
His brother is here.
-
She was absent yesterday.
4)
Prepositional sentence adalah kalimat di mana setelah kata "to be"
berasal dari kata depan.
Contoh:
-
He is in the bathroom.
-
My mother is in the hotel lobby.
Declarative sentences adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan atau menjelaskan suatu maksud tertentu. Declarative sentences ini dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu:
1. Positive sentence
Contoh:
-
My little sister loves playing badminton.
-
My brother is a lecturer.
2. Negative sentence, kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyangkal suatu perbuatan,
peristiwa atau keadaan.
Contoh:
-
My little sister does not love playing badminton.
-
My brother is not a lecturer.
Rumus: Auxiliary Verbs + Subject + Verb + Object?
Contoh:
- Is she presenting her proposal
right now?
- Do they pass the final
examination?
Contoh Jawaban pendek
- Yes, she is.
- Yes, they do.
- No, she is not/No, she isn't.
-
No, they do not/No, they don't.
Contoh Jawaban panjang:
- Yes, she is presenting her
proposal right now.
- Yes, they pass the final
examination.
- No, she is not presenting her
proposal right now.
- No, they don't pass the final
examination.
Rumus: Auxiliary Verbs + Not + Subject + Verb +
Object?
Contoh:
- Isn't she a college student?
- Doesn't she resign from her
office?
Untuk menjawab kalimat tanya di atas, harus
menggunakan kata "No" (awal kalimat), baik itu berupa jawaban
pendek atau jawaban panjang.
Contoh jawaban pendek
- No, she isn't.
- No, she doesn't.
Contoh Jawaban panjang
- No, she isn't a college
student.
- No, she doesn't resign from
her office.
3.
yaitu kalimat tanya yang digunakan untuk meminta suatu informasi
dan jawabannya biasanya memerlukan keterangan lebih banyak daripada "Yes/No".
Kalimat Ini dibuat dengan menggunakan kata tanya (question words)
disingkat: QW, seperti: what, who, why, when, where, how.
a.
Menanyakan subjek
Rumus:
Who/What + Verb + Object
Contoh:
-
Who finished this annual report?
-
James finished this annual report.
-
What is this?
-
This is your new desk
b.
Menanyakan objek
Rumus:
Whom/What + Auxiliary Verbs + Subject + Verb +
Object
Contoh:
- What did you talk about with
Mrs. Tania?
- I talk about our new client.
- Whom did you meet at the
airport?
- I met Mrs. Tania at the
airport.
4. pertanyaan yang tercakup dalam sebuah kalimat atau pertanyaan
lain. Susunan kalimat ini tidak seperti dalam kalimat tanya melainkan seperti
kalimat berita.
Rumus:
Subject + Verb + QW+Subject + Verb + (Object)
Contoh:
- I don't know where he goes.
- I didn't know where she lived.
Apabila embedded question ini bergandengan
dalam pertanyaan, maka
rumusnya adalah:
Aux. Verbs + Subject + Verb + QW+Subject + Verb +
(Object)
Contoh:
- Do you know where she works?
- Can you tell me what time it
is?
Imperative sentences (kalimat perintah) adalah
kalimat yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan perintah, ajakan, peringatan atau
larangan, permohonan, doa, selamat, dan lain sebagainya. Dalam kalimat
tertulis, kalimat perintah selalu ditandai dengan tanda seru (!).
1)
Apabila kalimat perintah menyatakan memerintah atau memohon, maka
kata kerja (verb) yang digunakan berbentuk bare infinitive.
Contoh:
-
Please close the door!
-
Open the window!
-
Have a seat please!
2) Kalimat perintah negatif
(larangan) dibentuk dengan menambahkan kata don't yang berarti jangan di
awal kalimat.
Contoh:
- Don't close the door!
- Don't open the window!
3) Apabila dalam kalimat perintah
tidak ada kata kerja (verb), maka harus ditambah dengan kata be di awal
kalimat.
Contoh:
-
Be quiet!
-
Be patient!
-
Be careful!
4) Apabila dalam kalimat perintah
negatif yang tidak ada kata kerjanya (verb), maka harus ditambah dengan
kata don't be yang berarti jangan di awal kalimat.
Contoh:
5) Apabila dalam kalimat perintah
menunjukkan ajakan, maka dengan menambahkan kata let di awal kalimat.
Contoh:
-
Let's go!
-
Let's play!
-
Let's sing together!
6) Kalimat perintah menunjukkan
maksud mendoakan.
Contoh:
- May God bless you!
- All the best!
- Good luck!
7) Kalimat perintah menunjukkan
ucapan selamat.
Contoh:
-
Happy new year
-
Happy birthday!
-
See you later!
Kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan perasaan
seseorang tentang sesuatu secara spontan karena heran, kagum, terkejut, sedih,
dan lain sebagainya. Kalimat seru biasanya diberi tanda kata seru (!) di akhir
kalimat dalam kalimat tertulis.
1.
Pola kalimat seru dengan kata "What"
Rumus:
What+Noun (Phrase) + Subject + Verb
Contoh:
- What a great performance!
- What a smart student!
2. Pola kalimat seru dengan kata "How”
Rumus:
How + Adjective/Adverb + (Subject + Verb)
Contoh:
- How beautiful she is!
- How fast he works!
3.
Kalimat seru sering juga berupa ungkapan-ungkapan khas
Contoh:
- God heaven!
- Thank God!
- Oh my God!
1) Simple sentences adalah kalimat yang hanya terdiri dari satu kata kerja saja
atau induk kalimat yang
menyatakan satu gagasan.
Contoh:
- They had dinner together last
night.
- She is sleeping right now.
2) Compound sentences adalah kalimat yang hanya terdiri dua atau lebih kata kerja atau
induk kalimat yang menyatakan dua gagasan atau lebih dan di antara
masing-masing gagasan tersebut dihubungkan dengan coordinate conjunction.
Misalnya, but, before, even though, unless, serta or.
Contoh:
- Mrs. Tania had left her room
before you came.
- Even though she's busy, she
can take care of her little son.
3) Complex sentences adalah kalimat yang hanya terdiri satu induk kalimat dan satu
atau beberapa anak kalimat, yang diantaranya dihubungkan dengan menggunakan
relative pronoun, seperti which, whom, that, whose, when, why, serta
where.
Contoh:
- The man whom I met at the
airport is Mr. Anderson.
- The hotel where we are going
to have seminar is expensive.
What
digunakan untuk menanyakan suatu benda atau hal.
Contoh:
– What
is your name?
– What
did you do yesterday?
– What
do you do for living?
– What
will you do at the weekend?
Noun
dapat pula ditambahkan setelah kata tanya “what”.
– What
time is it?
– What
kind of flower do you like?
– What
book did you read yesterday?
Kata
tanya what juga dapat pula digunakan untuk pola kalimat sebagai berikut:
– What makes the book interesting?
– What brings you here?
Kata
tanya Where digunakan untuk menanyakan suatu tempat.
Contoh:
– Where
do you live?
– Where
do you usually go at the weekend?
– Where are you going?
– Where have you been?
Kata tanya When digunakan untuk menanyakan waktu.
Contoh:
– When
is her birthday?
– When
will you meet Mrs.Tania?
– When
did the accident happen?
Kata tanya Why digunakan untuk
menanyakan sebab atau alasan.
Contoh:
– Why
do you come late?
– Why
is she sad?
– Why
did you call him?
Kata tanya Which digunakan untuk
menanyakan pilihan.
Contoh:
– Which
one is your desk?
– Which laptop is yours?
– Which class will you take?
Kata
tanya Whose berfungsi untuk menanyakan kepemilikan.
Contoh:
– Whose
car is this?
– Whose dictionary did you bring?
– Whose number are you calling?
Kata tanya Who digunakan untuk menanyakan tentang orang atau subjek.
Contoh:
– Who
is that man?
– Who
called you this morning?
– Who
won the match?
Kata
tanya Whom digunakan untuk menanyakan objek (orang).
Contoh:
– Whom
are you talking to?
– Whom
did you meet yesterday?
Kata tanya How berfungsi untuk
menanyakan banyak hal, mulai dari cara, kondisi/kualitas, kabar/keadaan, usia,
jumlah, jarak, durasi, dan juga frekuensi.
Contoh:
– How
did you go to the campus?
– How
was your presentation?
– How
old is your little sister?
– How
many books do you have at home?
– How long will you go to singapore?
– How often do you visit your grandmother?
Berikut ini pembagian tense di
dalam bahasa Inggris, yaitu:
Present Tenses
– Simple
Present
– Present
Continuous
– Present
Perfect
– Present
Perfect Continuous
Past Tenses
– Simple
Past
– Past
Continuous
– Past
Future
– Past
Perfect
– Past
Perfect Continuous
– Past
Future Perfect
– Past
Future Continuous
– Past
Future Perfect Continuous
Future Tenses
– Simple
Future
– Future
Continuous
– Future Perfect
– Future Perfect Continuous
Simple present
tense dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan, fakta, hobi, acara
berulang, emosi, atau keinginan.
Rumus:
Jenis
Kalimat |
Bentuk |
Rumus
Present Tense |
Positif |
Verbal |
Subject
+ Verb-1 + (s/es) |
Nominal |
Subject
+ is/am/are + nominal |
|
Negatif |
Verbal |
Subject
+ do/does + not + Infinive |
Nominal |
Subject
+ is/am/are + not + nominal |
|
Interogatif |
Verbal |
Do/does
+ Subject + Infintive |
Nominal |
Is/am/are
+ Subject + nominal |
Contoh:
Kalimat
Positif
– You
buy a new car.
– She
buys a new car.
Kalimat
Negatif
– You
do not buy a new car.
– She
does not buy a new car.
Kalimat
Interogatif
– Do you buy a new car?
– Does she buy a new car?
1
Kebiasaan
Penggunaan
simple present tense untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang sering terjadi.
Contoh:
She often comes late.
She usually plays badminton in this field.
2
Mengungkapkan fakta, generalisasi, dan
kebenaran universal.
kita bisa menggunakan present simple ini untuk berbicara tentang
kebenaran universal.
Contoh:
The
sun rises from the east.
The
sun sets in the west.
The
water boils at 100 degree celcius.
3
Acara atau kejadian tertentu yang akan
terjadi.
Simple
present tense bisa juga berfungsi untuk menyatakan
suatu peristiwa yang pasti akan terjadi dimasa depan.
Contoh:
The
train leaves at 9 a.m.
Present Continuous Tense
Bentuk present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan bahwa sesuatu sedang terjadi atau akan segera terjadi. Tense ini active verbs dalam bentuk dalam bentuk present participle yang berakhiran “-ing” dan menggunakan “to be”. To be yang digunakan dalam present continuous tense adalah am, is dan are.
Subject |
To be |
I |
Am |
You |
Are |
We |
Are |
They |
Are |
He |
Is |
She |
Is |
It |
Is |
Rumus:
Jenis Kalimat |
Rumus Present Continuous Tense |
Kalimat Positif |
S + to be
+ Verb-ing |
Kalimat Negatif |
S + to be
+ not + Verb-ing |
Kalimat Interogatif |
To be
+ S + Verb-ing? |
Contoh:
Kalimat
positif
–
He is writing an essay right now.
–
They are writing some essays right now
Kalimat
negatif
–
He is not writing an essay right now.
–
They are not writing some essays right
now
Kalimat
interogatif
–
Is he writing an essay right now?
–
Are they writing some essays right now?
1) Keadaan
sedang berlangsung
Present continuous digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa seseorang sedang melakukan sesuatu dan kegiatan tersebut membutuhkan waktu tertentu untuk menyelesaikannya.
Contoh:
She is watching a korean movie.
2) Kegiatan
sementara
Present continuous berfungsi untuk menyatakan kegiatan
yang hanya berlangsung dalam jangka waktu terbatas.
Contoh:
He is drinking a glass of water.
3) Peristiwa
atau tindakan sekarang
Present continuous tense paling
sering digunakan untuk membicarakan tentang peristiwa atau tindakan yang
terjadi pada saat sedang berbicara.
Contoh:
My father is washing his car while I am watering the flowers.
4) Rencana
masa depan
Ada kalanya sebagian orang menggunakan present continuous
tense untuk menunjukan bahwa ada sesuatu yang direncanakan dan akan
dilakukannya segera.
Contoh:
He
is going to book a flight ticket.
Present perfect tense digunakan untuk mengekspresikan kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu dimulai di masa lalu dan memiliki pengaruh pada saat ini. Kita dapat mengatakan bahwa present perfect tense adalah suatu hubungan antara masa lalu dan masa sekarang. Dalam tense ini digunakan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) berupa has atau have. Penggunaan has atau have sesuai dengan subjek yang digunakan
Subject |
Auxiliary Verb |
I |
Have |
You |
Have |
We |
Have |
They |
Have |
He |
Has |
She |
Has |
It |
Has |
Rumus:
Jenis Kalimat |
Bentuk |
Rumus Perfect Tense |
Positif |
Verbal |
Subject + have/has + Verb-3 + O/Adv |
Nominal |
Subject + have/has + been +
Noun/Adj/Adv |
|
Negatif |
Verbal |
Subject + have/has + not + verb-3 +
O/Adv |
Nominal |
S + have/has + not + been +
Noun/Adj/Adv |
|
Interogatif |
Verbal |
Have/has + Subject + verb-3 + O/Adv |
Nominal |
Have/has + Subject +been +
Noun/Adj/Adv? |
Contoh:
Kalimat Positif
– She
has finished her assignment.
– They
have finished their assignment.
Kalimat
Negatif
– She
has not finished her assignment.
– They
have not finished their assignment
Kalimat
Interogatif
– has
she finished her assignment?
1)
Aktivitas masih berpengaruh pada saat
ini
Perfect tense juga bisa untuk mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas yang masih
berpengaruh pada saat ini.
Contoh:
She
has swept the floor.
He
has watered the flowers.
2)
Peristiwa tidak diketahui pasti waktu
sebelum sekarang
Present perfect digunakan untuk membicarakan tentang peristiwa yang
terjadi beberapa saat di waktu lampau yang tidak diketahui pasti kapan tepatnya
peristiwa tersebut terjadi.
Contoh:
She has gone to New York.
They have met Mrs. Tania
3)
Kata keterangan yang sering digunakan
seperti “ever”, “already”, “never”, dan ”yet”.
Contoh:
She
has never gone to bali island before.
Have
you ever met him?
I have not finished my annual report yet.
I have already told him before.
Present perfect
continuous tense berfungsi untuk membicarakan tentang tindakan atau
situasi yang sedang berlangsung sebelum beberapa tindakan atau situasi lain. Tense
ini mengacu pada tindakan yang dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut hingga
saat ini. Kata kerja bantu yang digunakan dalam tense ini adalah has
atau have dan been. Penggunaan has atau have sesuai
dengan subjek yang digunakan.
Subject |
Auxiliary verb |
I |
Have |
You |
Have |
We |
Have |
They |
Have |
He |
Has |
She |
Has |
It |
Has |
Rumus:
Jenis
kalimat |
Rumus
Present Perfect Continuous |
Positif |
subject
+ have/has + been + Present Participle (V1-ing) |
Negatif |
subject
+ have/has + not + been + Present Participle + (V1-ing) |
Interogatif |
have/has
+ subject + been + Present Participle (V1-ing)? |
Contoh:
Kalimat
Positif
– She
has been living in Jakarta for five years.
– They have been living in Jakarta for five years.
Kalimat
Negatif
– She
has not been living in Jakarta for five years.
– They have not been living in Jakarta for five years.
Kalimat
Interogatif
– Has
she been living in Jakarta for five years?
– Have
they been living in Jakarta for five years?
1)
Kegiatan sementara
Penggunaan present perfect continuous tense untuk mengungkapkan
suatu pekerjaan atau keadaan yang bersifat sementara.
Contoh:
They have been performing traditional dance for an hour.
2)
Aktivitas dari dulu berlanjut sampai
sekarang
Present perfect continuous tense bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa
suatu aktivitas yang dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut sampai dengan
sekarang.
Contoh:
My mother has been teaching English in this school for fifteen years.
3)
Pekerjan baru selesai
Fungsi present perfect continuous juga untuk membicarakan tentang suatu
pekerjan yang dimulai di masa lalu dan baru selesai dilaksanakan.
Contoh:
They have been finishing their annual report.
Simple Past Tense
digunakan untuk mengekspresikan peristiwa atau pekerjaan di
masa lalu yang sudah selesai.
Rumus:
Jenis
Kalimat |
Rumus
Simple Past Tense |
Kalimat
positif |
S
+ Verb-2 (past tense) I/You/We/They
+ were He/She/it
+ was |
Kalimat
Negatif |
S
+ did + not + bare infinitive I/You/We/They
+ were + not He/she/it
+ was + not |
Kalimat
Interogatif |
Did
+ S + bare infinitive be(was/were)
+ S |
Contoh:
Kalimat
Positif
– She
ate a bowl of chicken porridge.
– They ate some bowls of chicken porridge.
Kalimat
Negatif
– She
did not eat a bowl of chicken porridge.
– They did not eat some bowls of chicken porridge.
Kalimat
Interogatif
– Did she eat a bowl of chicken porridge?
– Did they eat some bowls of chicken porridge?
1. Peristiwa
masa lalu
Penggunaan simple past tense terjadi ketika kita berbicara tentang
peristiwa di masa lalu dan fakta sejarah.
Contoh:
She graduated from university in 2012.
2. Serangkaian
pekerjaan waktu lampau.
Simple past tense dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan beberapa pekerjaan
di waktu lampau yang terjadi satu demi satu secara berurutan.
Contoh:
She met Mrs. Dania, then she presented her project proposal.
3. Peristiwa
di masa lalu yang telah selesai.
Penggunaan simple past tense lainnya adalah untuk menyatakan tindakan
atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu, baik itu lama
atau tidak.
Contoh:
They met Tania and James at 7 p.m.
Bentuk kalimat ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
sesuatu yang sedang terjadi di masa lampau.
Rumus:
Jenis
Kalimat |
Rumus
Past Continuous Tense |
Positif |
S
+ be (was/were) + Present Participle (V-ing) + O |
Negatif |
S
+ be (was/were) + not + Present Participle (V-ing) + O |
Interogatif |
be
(was/were) + S+ present participle (v-ing) + O? |
Contoh:
Kalimat Positif
– She
was eating two apples at this time yesterday.
– They were eating two apples at this time yesterday.
Kalimat Negatif
– She
was not eating two apples at this time yesterday.
– They were eating two apples at this time yesterday.
Kalimat Interogatif
– Was
she eating two apples at this time yesterday?
– Were
they eating two apples at this time yesterday?
1) Dua
kegiatan berlangsung pada saat yang sama
Past continuous tense bisa digunakan untuk berbicara tentang dua atau
lebih kegiatan yang terjadi pada saat yang sama, biasanya menggunakan when
atau while untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat tersebut.
Contoh:
I was reading a magazine while my little sister was watching TV.
2) Kondisi
di masa lalu yang durasi waktunya tidak diketahui pasti
Past continuous tense memilik fungsi untuk membicarakan tentang sesuatu
yang berlangsung selama beberapa waktu di masa lalu dengan yang durasi waktunya
tidak diketahui pasti.
Contoh:
They were visiting Mr. Andreas at the hospital.
3) Aktivitas
terganggu saat sedang berlangsung
Penggunaan past continuous juga sering dipakai untuk menyatakan satu
aktivitas sedang dalam proses tetapi terganggu oleh peristiwa yang lain di
waktu lampau. Kata untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat ini adalah when atau while.
Contoh:
She was cooking fried rice when you came.
Past future
merupakan suatu tindakan/peristiwa yang direncanakan dan dijanjikan
di masa depan pada waktu yang telah berlalu.
Rumus:
Jenis
Kalimat |
Rumus
Past Future Tense |
Positif |
S
+ Should/Would + bare infinitive |
S
+ was/were + going to + bare infinitive |
|
Negatif |
S
+ Should/Would + not + bare infinitive |
S
+ was/were + not + going to + bare infinitive |
|
Interogatif |
Should/Would
+ S + bare infinitive? |
Was/were
+ S + going to + bare infinitive? |
Contoh:
Kalimat
Positif
– She
would buy smartphone last year.
– They
would buy smartphone last year.
Kalimat Negatif
– She
would not buy smartphone last year.
– They
would not buy smartphone last year.
Kalimat Interogatif
– Would she buy smartphone last year?
– Would they buy smartphone last year?
1) Suatu perbuatan keharusan
Menyatakan suatu peristiwa, tindakan dan perbuatan yang menjadi suatu
keharusan.
Contoh:
You should call your mother.
2) Mempersilahkan orang lain
Mempersilahkan orang lain untuk mengerjakan sesuatu.
Contoh:
You should do it first.
3) Kejadian yang tidak terjadi
Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang tidak terjadi pada waktu yang lalu dan tidak
mungkin terjadi pada saat ini.
Contoh:
She should be a doctor.
Past perfect tense adalah ungkapan untuk menekankan bahwa pekerjaan atau
keadaan di masa lalu sudah selesai dilakukan sebelum pekerjaan lain dimulai di
masa lalu.
Rumus:
Jenis Kalimat |
Rumus Past Perfect Tense |
Positif |
S + Had + V-3 + O |
Negatif |
S + Had + not + V-3 + O |
Interogatif |
Had + S + V-3 + O? |
1) Harapan yang tidak terlaksana
Past perfect tense berguna untuk mengungkapkan harapan, niat, rencana
yang tidak direalisasikan.
2) Ketidakpuasan sesuatu di masa lalu
Past perfect sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan ketidakpuasan terhadap
sesuatu di masa lalu. Kalimatnya biasa dimulai dengan / wish atau If
only.
3) Kejadian sebelum kejadian lain di masa lalu
Penggunaan terakhir dan utama dari past perfect tense adalah untuk
menekankan bahwa satu kejadian di masa lalu terjadi sebelum kejadian lain di
masa lalu.
Past perfect continuous tense adalah bentuk verb yang digunakan untuk berbicara
tentang kegiatan atau situasi yang sedang berlangsung sebelum beberapa kegiatan
atau situasi lain.
Rumus:
Jenis Kalimat |
Rumus Past Perfect Continuous Tense |
Positif |
S + had + been + Present Participle (V-ing) + O |
Negatif |
S + had + not + been + Present Participle (V-ing) + O |
Interogatif |
Had + S + been + Present Participle (V-ing) + O? |
Contoh:
Kalimat Positif
–
He had been studying English for ten
years.
–
They had been studying English for ten
years.
Kalimat Negatif
–
He had not been studying English for
ten years.
–
They had not been studying English for
ten years.
Kalimat Interogatif
– Had he been studying English for ten years?
– Had they been studying English for ten years?
1) Menunjukkan penyebab
Past perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan penyebab
peristiwa atau keadaan di masa lalu.
2) Menyatakan pekerjaan yang sedang berlangsung sebelum
pekerjaan lainnya.
Penggunaan past perfect continuous tense juga dapat berfungsi untuk
menyatakan keadaan atau pekerjaan yang sedang berlangsung sebelum beberapa keadaan
atau pekerjaan lain.
Simple future tense adalah bentuk verb yang digunakan untuk merujuk ke
waktu yang akan datang. Simple future tense memiliki dua bentuk, yaitu will
+ verb dan to be + going to + verb.
Rumus:
Jenis Kalimat |
Bentuk |
Rumus Future Tense |
Positif |
Verbal |
S + will/shall + V-1 + O |
S+ am/is/are + going to + V-1 + O |
||
Nominal |
S + will/shall + be + C |
|
S + is/am/are + going to be +
Complement |
||
Negatif |
Verbal |
S + will/shall + not + V-1 + O |
S + am/is/are + not + going to + V-1 +
O |
||
Nominal |
S + will/shall not be Complement |
|
S + am/is/are + not + going to + be +
V-1 + O |
||
Interogatif |
Verbal |
Will/shall + S + V-1 + O? |
Am/is/are + S + going to + V-1 + O? |
||
Nominal |
Will/shall + S + be + C? |
|
is/am/are + S + going to + be + C? |
Contoh:
Kalimat Positif
–
He will send you an email tomorrow.
–
They will send you an email tomorrow.
–
He is going to book flight tickets.
–
They are going to book flight tickets.
Kalimat Negatif
–
He will not send you an email tomorrow.
–
They will not send you an email
tomorrow.
–
He is not going to book flight tickets.
–
They are not going to book flight
tickets.
Kalimat Interogatif
–
Will he send you an email tomorrow?
–
Will they send you an email tomorrow?
–
Is he going to book flight tickets?
–
Are they going to book flight tickets?
1) Janji
Penggunaan simple future tense untuk mengucapkan janji dan sumpah.
2) Perkiraan
Berfungsi untuk membuat perkiraan berdasarkan pengalaman atau intuisi kita, seperti kata believe, feel sure atau suppose. Dengan mengunakan adverbs perhaps, possibly atau probably.
3) Acara akan datang
Digunakan
untuk membicarakan tentang peristiwa atau acara yang akan datang dan kita tidak
memiliki pengaruh terhadap peristiwa tersebut.
Future continuous tense adalah kalimat yang berguna untuk menunjukkan bahwa kita
akan sedang melakukan sesuatu dalam waktu yang ditentukan di masa depan.
Rumus:
Kalimat Verbal
Jenis Kalimat |
Rumus Future Continuous Tense Verbal |
Positif |
S + will + be + (V1+ing) + O/Adv |
Negatif |
S + will + not + be + (V1+ing) +
O/Adv |
Interogatif |
Will + S + not + be + (V1+ing) + O/Adv? |
Kalimat Nominal
Jenis Kalimat |
Rumus Future Continuous Tense Nominal |
Positif |
S + will + be + Noun/Adj/Adv |
Negatif |
S + will + not + be + Noun/Adj/Adv |
Interogatif |
Will + S + be + Noun/Adj/Adv? |
Contoh:
Kalimat Positif
–
She will be leaving for Singapore
tonight.
–
They will be leaving for Singapore
tonight.
Kalimat Negatif
–
She will not be leaving for Singapore
tonight.
–
They will not be leaving for Singapore
tonight.
Kalimat Interogatif
–
Will she be leaving for Singapore
tonight?
–
Will they be leaving for Singapore
tonight?
1) Kegiatan masa depan sedang berlangsung
Penggunaan future continuous tense pertama adalah untuk
mengekspresikan kegiatan di masa depan yang sedang berlangsung.
2) Bertanya niat seseorang
Berguna untuk menanyakan tentang niat seseorang yang memiliki rencana untuk
melakukan sesuatu di waktu yang akan datang.
Future perfect tense
adalah bentuk kata kerja untuk mengungkapkan keadaan yang akan berlangsung
selama jangka waktu tertentu pada saat yang pasti di masa depan.
Rumus:
Jenis Kalimat |
Rumus Future Perfect Tense |
Positif |
Subject + will + have + Verb-3 |
Negatif |
Subject + will + not + have + Verb-3 |
Interogatif |
Will + subject + have + Verb-3? |
Contoh:
Kalimat Positif
–
She will have already finished her
project by next month.
–
They will have already finished their
project by next month.
Kalimat Negatif
–
She will not have already finished her
project by next month.
–
They will not have already finished
their project by next month.
Kalimat Interogatif
– Will she have already finished her project by next month?
– Will they have already finished their project by next month?
1) Pekerjaan akan selesai di masa depan
Penggunaan future perfect tense untuk membicarakan tentang pekerjaan
yang
akan selesai sebelum beberapa titik di masa depan.
2) Keadaan yang akan berlangsung dengan waktu pasti di masa depan
Future perfect tense untuk menyatakan situasi yang akan berlangsung
selama
jangka waktu tertentu pada saat yang pasti di masa depan.
3) Aktifitas baru selesai
Fungsi
future perfect tense bisa juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kepastian
(sesuatu yang diyakini kebenarannya) bahwa suatu aktifitas baru saja selesai
terjadi.
Future perfect continuous tense
adalah bentuk tense yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan satu kegiatan yang sudah akan dilakukan sebelum jangka waktu
tertentu, sebelum atau hingga batas waktu di masa depan.
Rumus:
Kalimat |
Rumus |
Positif |
S + Will/Shall + Have + Been +V1-ing
+ O + Since/For + Ket. Waktu |
Negative |
S + Will/Shall + not + Have + Been +
V1-ing + O + Since/For + Ket. Waktu |
Interogatif |
Will/Shall + S + Have + Been + V1-ing
+ O + Since/For + Ket. Waktu |
Contoh:
Kalimat Positif
– He
will have been playing badminton with his friend for 20 minutes.
– They
will have been playing badminton with their friends for 20 minutes.
Kalimat Negatif
– He
will not have been playing badminton with his friend for 20 minutes.
– They
will not have been playing badminton with their friends for 20 minutes.
Kalimat Interogatif
– Will he have been playing badminton with his friend for 20 minutes?
– Will they have been playing badminton with their friends for 20 minutes?
1) Digunakan
untuk mengungkapkan satu kegiatan yang sudah akan dilakukan
selama jangka waktu tertentu, sebelum satu kegiatan tertentu yang lainnya
dilakukan.
2) Digunakan
untuk menyatakan kejadian yang menurut kita akan sudah
berlangsung hingga batas waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.
Past future perfect tense
adalah bentuk kata kerja yang berfungsi menyatakan ide
atau aksi di masa lalu di mana aksi tersebut direncanakan, dijanjikan atau
sudah
dilaksanakan sebelum waktu tertentu di masa depan dari sudut pandang masa lalu.
Rumus:
Kalimat |
Rumus |
Positif |
S + would/should + have + V-3/past
participle |
Negative |
S + would/should + not + have +
V-3/past participle |
Interogatif |
Would/should + S + have + V-3/past
participle? |
Contoh:
Kalimat Positif
– She
would have presented her proposal.
– They
would have presented their proposal.
Kalimat Negatif
– She
would not have presented her proposal.
– They
would not have presented their proposal
Kalimat Interogatif
– Would she have presented her proposal?
– Would they have presented their proposal?
1) Menyatakan
kembali kejadian yang pernah diprediksi di masa lalu
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kembali kejadian yang pernah diprediksi
atau direncanakan yang sudah selesai dilakukan sebelum batas waktu tertentu di
masa lalu.
2) Menyatakan
kembali aktivitas direncanakan sudah selesai sebelum aktivitas yang lain. Menyatakan kembali aktivitas yang pernah diprediksi atau direncanakan
yang sudah selesai dilakukan sebelum aktivitas yang lain di masa lampau.
3) Berfungsi
untuk menyatakan kembali suatu peristiwa akan terus berlanjut
sampai batas waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
Past future continuous tense
adalah bentuk verb yang berguna untuk mengungkapkan kembali rencana yang
akan sedang terjadi dan tersebut sudah bergeser dari future time ke past
time.
Rumus:
Jenis Kalimat |
Past Future Continuous Tense |
Positif |
Subject + should/would + be +
verb-ing + object |
Negatif |
Subject + should/would + not + be +
verb-ing + object |
Interogatif |
Should/would + subject + be +
verb-ing + object? |
Contoh:
Kalimat Positif
–
She should be working on her thesis two
days ago.
Dia seharusnya akan sedang mengerjakan tesisnya dua hari
yang lalu.
–
They would be working on their thesis
two days ago.
Mereka seharusnya akan sedang mengerjakan tesisnya dua hari
yang lalu.
Kalimat Negatif
–
She should not be working on her thesis
two days ago.
Dia seharusnya tidak akan sedang mengerjakan tesisnya dua
hari yang lalu.
–
They would not be working on their
thesis two days ago.
Mereka seharusnya tidak akan sedang mengerjakan tesisnya dua
hari yang lalu.
Kalimat Interogatif
–
Should she be working on her thesis two
days ago?
Apakah dia seharusnya akan sedang mengerjakan tesisnya dua
hari yang lalu?
–
Should they be working on their thesis
two days ago?
Apakah mereka seharusnya akan sedang mengerjakan tesisnya dua hari yang lalu?
1) Menyatakan
dua kejadian yang diprediksi akan sedang terjadi dilakukan
dimasa lampau.
2) Menyatakan
kembali suatu hal yang diyakini benar-benar akan terjadi.
3) Untuk
menyatakan kembali aktivitas akan sedang terjadi dilakukan pada
waktu yang spesifik di masa lalu.
Past future perfect continuous tense
digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan
yang sebenarnya (hingga batas waktu tertentu di masa lampau) diperkirakan akan
sudah dilaksanakan selama jangka waktu tertentu pula.
Rumus:
Jenis Kalimat |
Past Future Continuous Tense |
Positif |
Subjek + would + have been + V-ing |
Negatif |
Subjek + would + not + have been +
V-ing |
Interogatif |
Would + subjek + have been + V-ing? |
Contoh:
Kalimat Positif
– He
would have been waiting for your email for five days by the end of this week.
Dia akan sudah sedang menunggu emailmu selama lima hari menjelang akhir minggu
ini.
– They
would have been waiting for your email for five days by the end of this week. Mereka akan sudah sedang menunggu emailmu selama lima hari menjelang akhir
minggu ini.
Kalimat Negatif
– He would not have been waiting for your email for five days by the end of this week. Dia tidak akan sudah sedang menunggu email-mu selama lima hari menjelang
akhir
minggu ini.
– They
would not have been waiting for your email for five days by the end of this week. Mereka tidak akan sudah sedang menunggu email-mu selama lima hari
menjelang akhir minggu ini.
Kalimat Interogatif
– Would
he have been waiting for your email for five days by the end of this week? Apakah dia akan sudah sedang menunggu email-mu selama lima hari
menjelang akhir minggu ini?
– Would
they have been waiting for your email for five days by the end of this week? Apakah mereka akan sudah sedang menunggu email-mu selama lima hari
menjelang akhir minggu ini?
1) Digunakan
dalam kalimat conditional type 3 atau disebut real conditional in the past, yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan satu kegiatan yang menurut prediksi
(hingga batas waktu tertentu) akan sudah dilakukan dalam jangka waktu tertentu.
2) Digunakan
untuk menyatakan satu kegiatan yang diperkirakan akan telah sedang terjadi di
waktu lampau.
Active voice
(kalimat aktif) adalah kalimat di mana subjek dari kalimat itu melakukan suatu
perbuatan atau tindakan. Sedangkan passive voice (kalimat pasif) adalah
kalimat yang subjeknya tidak melakukan suatu tindakan, namun menerima akibat
dari suatu tindakan. Secara sederhana pola yang digunakan dalam kalimat pasif,
yaitu:
Subject + to be + V3 (past paticiple) |
Contoh:
–
The elephant is bitten by the snake.
–
A glass of chocolate milk is drunk by
the girl.
Keterangan:
– Subjek
pada kalimat aktif menjadi objek dalam kalimat pasif.
– "by"
merupakan penanda untuk menunjukkan pelaku dalam kalimat pasif.
– Penggunaan
to be pada kalimat pasif bergantung pada pola tense yang
digunakan dalam kalimat aktif. Berdasarkan tense yang digunakan, berikut adalah rumus
yang digunakan dalam perubahan kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif.
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
(+) S + V1 (s/es) + Object (-) S + do/does + not VI + Object (?) do/does + S + V1 + Object |
(+) S + is/am/are + V3 + (by actor) (-) S + is/am/are + V3 + (by actor) (?) is/am/are + S + V3 + (by actor) |
Contoh:
–
Mrs. Anderson sends an email to me.
(Active voice)
–
Mrs. Anderson sends two emails to me.
(Active voice)
–
An email is sent by Mrs. Anderson to
me. (Passive voice)
–
Two emails are sent by Mrs. Anderson to
me. (Passive voice)
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
(+) S + to be + Ving + Object (-) S + to be + not + Ving + Object (?) to be + S + Ving + Object |
(+)
S + is/am/are + being + V3 + (by actor) (-)
S + is/am/are + not being + V3 + (by actor) (?)
is/am/are + S + being + V3 + (by actor) |
Contoh:
–
She is reading an interior design
magazine. (active voice)
–
They are reading some interior design
magazines. (active voice)
–
An interior design magazine is being
read by her. (passive voice)
–
Some interior design magazines are
being read by them. (passive voice)
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
(+) S + has/have + V3 + Object (-) S + has/have + not + V3 + Object (?) has/have + S + V3 + Object |
(+) S + has/have + been + V3 + (by
actor) (-) S + has/have + not +been + V3 +
(by actor) (7) has/have + S + been + V3 + (by
actor) |
Contoh:
–
I have written two short stories this
week. (active voice)
–
She has written one short story this
week. (active voice)
–
Two short stories have been written by
me this week. (passive voice)
–
One short story has been written by her
this week. (passive voice)
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
(+) S + V2 + Object (-) S + did not +V2+Object (?) did+S+V1+ Object |
(+)
S + was/were + V3 + (by actor) (-)
S+ was/were + not + V3 + (by actor) (?)
was/were + S + V3 + (by actor) |
Contoh:
–
She downloaded many movies yesterday.
(active voice)
–
He downloaded one movie yesterday.
(active voice)
–
Many movies were downloaded by her
yesterday. (passive voice)
–
One movie was downloaded by him
yesterday. (passive voice)
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
(+) S + was/were + Ving + Object (-) S + was/were + not + Ving +
Object (?) was/were + S + Ving + Object |
(+)
S + was/were being V3 (by actor) (-)
S + was/were not being V3+ (by actor) (?)
was/were + S + being + V3 (by actor) |
Contoh:
–
She was uploading an interesting photo
to her instagram account. (active voice)
–
He was uploading some interesting
photos to his Instagram account. (active voice)
–
An interesting photo was being uploaded
by her to her instagram account. (passive voice)
–
Some interesting photos were being
uploaded by him to his Instagram account.
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
(+) S + had + V3 + Object (-) S + had + not + V3 + Object (?) had + S + V3 + Object |
(+) S + had
+ been + V3 + (by actor) (-) S + had
+ not + been + V3 + (by actor) (?) had + S
+ been + V3 + (by actor) |
Contoh:
–
She had brought many traditional
snacks. (active voice)
–
She had brought a traditional snack.
(active voice)
–
Many traditional snacks had been
brought by her. (passive voice)
–
A traditional snack had been brought by
her. (passive voice)
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
(+) S + had + been + Ving + Object (-) S + had + not + been + Ving +
Object (?) had + S + been + Ving + Object |
(+) S + had + been + being + V3 + (by
actor) (-) S + had + not + been + being + V3
+ (by actor) (?) had + S + been + being + V3 + (by
actor) |
Contoh:
–
He had been preparing some documents
for two hours. (active voice)
–
He had been preparing a document for
two hours. (active voice)
–
Some documents had been being prepared
by him for two hours. (passive voice)
–
A document had been being prepared by
him for two hours. (passive voice)
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
(+) S + will + V1 + Object (-) S + will + not + V1+ Object (?) will +S+V1+ Object |
(+) S + will + be + V3 + (by actor) (-) S + will + not + be + V3 + (by
actor) (?) will + S + be + V3 + (by actor) |
Contoh:
–
She will borrow some money from me.
(active voice)
–
He will borrow a magazine from me.
(active voice)
–
Some money will be borrowed by her from
me. (passive voice)
–
A magazine will be borrowed by him from
me. (passive voice)
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
(+) S + will be + Ving + Object (-) S + will + not + be + Ving +
Object (?) will + S + be + Ving + Object |
(+)
S + will be + being + V3 + (by actor) (-)
S + will + not + be + being + V3 + (by actor) (?)
will + S + be + being + V3 + (by actor) |
Contoh:
–
I will be visiting my old friends
tomorrow. (active voice)
–
She will be visiting an old friend
tomorrow. (active voice)
–
My old friends will be being visited by
me tomorrow. (passive voice)
–
An old friend will be being visited by
her tomorrow. (passive voice)
Active
Voice |
Passive
Voice |
(+) S + will have + V3 + Object (-) S + will not have + V3 + Object (?) will + S + have + V3 + Object |
(+)
S + will have + been + V3 + (by actor) (-)
S + will not have + been + V3 + (by actor) (?)
will + S + have + been + V3 + (by actor) |
Contoh:
–
He will have
sent the invoice letter by end of this week. (active voice)
–
He will have
sent some invoice letters by end of this week. (active voice)
–
The invoice
letter will have been sent by him by the end of this week (passive voice)
–
Some invoice
letters will have been sent by him by the end of this week (passive voice)
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
(+) S + would + V1 + Object (-) S + would+ not + VI + Object (?) would + S + V1 + Object |
(+) S + would + be + V3 + (by actor) (-) S + would + not + be +V3 + (by
actor) (?) would + S + be + V3 + (by actor) |
Contoh:
–
Tia would call Mr. Anton last night.
(active voice)
–
Tia would call Mr. Anton and Ms.
Anderson last night. (active voice)
–
Mr. Anton would be called by Tia last
night. (passive voice)
–
Mr. Anton and Ms. Anderson would be
called by Tia last night. (passive voice)
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
(+) S + would
+ have + V3 + Object (-) S +
would + not + have + V3 + Object (?) would +
S + have + V3 + Object |
(+) S +
would + have + been + V3 + (by actor) (-) S +
would + not + have + been +V3+ (by actor) (?) would +
S + have + been + V3 + (by actor) |
Contoh:
–
I would have ordered those delicious
pancakes. (active voice)
–
She would have ordered that delicious
pancake. (active voice)
–
Those delicious pancakes would have
been ordered by me. (passive voice)
–
That delicious pancake would have been
ordered by her. (passive voice)
Gerund merupakan kata kerja yang memiliki akhiran-ing di
mana dalam penggunaannya di kalimat la dapat memiliki fungsi sebagai kata benda
(noun), misalnya writing, standing, waiting, keeping, reading,
sleeping, washing, sweeping, dan lain-lain. Di dalam penyusunan suatu
kalimat, gerund dapat diletakkan di cukup banyak posisi, misalnya
sebagai objek, subjek, diletakkan setelah kata kerja tertentu, dan lain-lain.
1. Gerund diletakkan pada posisi subjek
Contoh:
– Playing chess is my
father's hobby.
Playing Chess > Subject
Is
> Predicate/Verb
My father's hobby > Object/Complement
– Reading these journals will add your knowledge
about biology.
2. Gerund diletakkan setelah kata kerja tertentu
admit |
mengakui |
anticipate |
mengharapkan |
appreciate |
menghargai |
avoid |
menghindari |
complete |
melengkapi |
consider |
mempertimbangkan |
defer |
menangguhkan |
delay |
menunda |
deny |
menyangkal |
detest |
benci |
discuss |
merundingkan |
dislike |
tidak suka |
dread |
takut |
enjoy |
menikmati |
escape |
melepaskan, melarikan diri |
excuse |
meminta maaf, permisi |
fancy |
membayangkan |
finish |
menyelesaikan |
forgive |
memaafkan |
imagine |
membayangkan |
involve |
melibatkan |
keep |
melanjutkan |
loathe |
benci |
mention |
menyebutkan |
mind |
keberatan |
miss |
melalaikan |
pardon |
memaafkan |
postpone |
menunda |
practice |
berlatih |
prevent |
mencegah |
quit |
berhenti |
propose |
mengusulkan |
recall |
mengingat, menimbulkan |
recollect |
mengingat kembali |
recommend |
mengingatkan |
remember |
mengingat |
resent |
marah |
resist |
menentang, melawan |
risk |
membahayakan |
save |
menyelamatkan |
stop |
menghentikan |
suggest |
menganjurkan |
tolerate |
menerima, memberi toleransi |
understand |
paham, mengerti |
Contoh:
–
He misses doing this fun
activity with his friends.
–
They remembered delivering those
packages.
3. Gerund diletakkan setelah preposisi
Jika di dalam suatu kalimat menggunakan beberapa preposisi
berupa preposisi seperti for (untuk), from (dari), on
(pada), about (tentang), while (ketika), with (dengan), in
(dalam), at (pada, dalam), after (setelah), before
(sebelum), by (dengan), when (ketika), of (dari), without
(tanpa), maka bentuk gerund dapat diletakkan setelahnya.
Contoh:
–
I come here for borrowing your
dictionary. (YES)
I come here for borrow your
dictionary. (NO)
–
She goes to the campus by riding
her motorcycle. (YES)
She goes to the campus by ride
her motorcycle. (NO)
She talks about applying for the
scholarship.
4. Gerund digunakan sebagai pelengkap suatu
objek dalam kalimat
Contoh:
–
My father loves riding bicycle.
–
My little sister dislikes eating
vegetables.
5. Gerund diletakkan pada kontruksi verb +
preposition + gerund. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh konstruksi tersebut.
Contoh:
–
She thinks about leaving this
country soon.
–
She believes in succeeding this
concert.
6. Gerund cukup banyak digunakan pada ungkapan
idiomatis, terutama untuk menunjukkan suatu hobi.
Contoh:
–
She asked me to go bowling
yesterday.
–
I promise to go jogging every
morning to loose my body weight.
7. Terdapat beberapa kata kerja yang dapat diikuti oleh gerund
maupun infinitives, yaitu love, like, begin, hate,
start, prefer, can't bear, can't stand.
Contoh:
–
She continues writing her poems.
–
She continues to write her
poems.
8. Gerund dapat diletakkan dalam konstruksi noun
phrase, yaitu sebagai modifier.
Contoh:
–
Dining room (ruang makan)
–
Waiting room (ruang tunggu)
–
Changing room (ruang ganti)
–
Consulting room (ruang konsultasi)
–
Dressing room (ruang pakaian dan make-up)
9. Terdapat beberapa pola contoh yang melibatkan penggunaan
kombinasi preposisi dan gerund dalam suatu kalimat yang umum digunakan,
yaitu:
be excited |
about doing it |
be worried |
|
complain |
about/of doing it |
dream |
|
talk |
|
think |
|
Apologize |
for doing it |
blame (someone) |
|
forgive (someone) |
|
have an execuse |
|
have a reason |
|
be responsible |
|
thank (someone) |
|
keep (someone) |
from doing it |
prevent (someone) |
|
prohibit (someone) |
|
stop (someone) |
|
believe |
in doing it |
be interested |
|
participate |
|
succeed |
|
be accused |
of doing it |
be capable |
|
for the purpose |
|
be guilty |
|
insead |
|
take advantage |
|
take care |
|
be tired |
|
insist on doing it |
|
be accustomed |
to doing it |
in addition |
|
be committed |
|
be devoted |
|
look forward |
|
object |
|
be opposed |
|
be used |
Contoh:
–
She is responsible for doing
this field research.
–
I insist on writing this report
by myself
Elliptical sentence (kalimat elipsis) merupakan kalimat yang beberapa bagian kalimatnya mengalami penghilangan. Hal ini dilakukan agar di dalam suatu kalimat tidak ada pengulangan-pengulangan yang tidak diperlukan. Kalimat elipsis dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu kalimat elipsis gabungan setara dan kalimat elipsis gabungan berlawanan. Kalimat gabungan setara biasanya dihubungkan dengan "and", kalimat gabungan berlawanan digabungkan dengan "but".
1.
Kalimat Gabungan Setara
a. Kalimat gabungan setara positif
Rumus I:
Subject
1 + Auxiliary + Verb + and + so + auxillary + subject 2 atau Subject
1 + Auxiliary + Verb + and + Subject 2 + Auxiliary + too |
Contoh:
Sentence 1
–
She
can do her final examination smoothly.
Sentence 2
–
John
can do his final examination smoothly
Elliptical Sentence
–
She can do her final examination
smoothly and so con John.
–
She can do her final examination
smoothly and John can too
Rumus II:
Subject
1 + Verb + and + so + do/does/did + Subject 2 atau Subject
1 + Verb + and + Subject 2 +
do/does/did + too |
Contoh:
Sentence 1
– I
prepare some foods for my brother’s lunch.
Sentence 2
– My
mother prepares some foods for my brother's lunch
Elliptical Sentence
– I
prepare some foods for my brother's lunch and so does my mother.
– I
prepare some foods for my brother's lunch and my mother does too
Rumus I:
Subject
1 + auxiliary + verb + but + subject 2 + auxiliary not + verb atau Subject
1 + auxiliary not + verb + but + subject 2 + auxiliary + verb |
Contoh:
Sentence 1
–
Mia will go to the book store.
Sentence 2
–
Kim will not go to the book store.
Elliptical Sentence
–
Mia will go to the book store but Kim
will not.
Rumus II:
Subject
1 + verb + but/while/whereas + subject 2 + do/does/don't/doesn't/did/didn't |
Contoh:
Sentence 1
–
My little sister washes her motorcycle.
Sentence 2
– My little brother does not wash his motorcycle.
Elliptical Sentence
– My little sister washes her motorcycle but my little brother doesn't
Merriam Webster Dictionary
mendefinisikan phrasal verb sebagai frasa yang menggabungkan kata kerja
dengan preposisi atau kata keterangan atau keduanya dan yang berfungsi sebagai
kata kerja yang artinya berbeda dari arti gabungan dari kata-kata individu.
Phrasal Verb. |
Meaning |
take after somebody |
resemble a family member |
take something apart |
purposely break into pieces |
take something back |
return an item |
take off |
start to fly |
take something off |
remove something (usually clothing) |
take something out |
remove from a place or thing |
take somebody out |
pay for somebody to go somewhere with
you |
tear something up |
rip into pieces |
think back |
remember (often + to, sometimes + on) |
think something over |
consider |
throw something away |
dispose of |
turn something down |
decrease the volume or strength
(heat, light etc) |
turn something down |
refuse |
turn something off |
stop the energy flow, switch off |
turn something on |
start the energy, switch on |
turn something up |
increase the volume or strength
(heat, light etc) |
turn up |
appear suddenly |
try something on |
sample clothing |
try something out |
test |
use something up |
finish the supply |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
call on somebody |
ask for an answer or opinion |
call on somebody |
visit somebody |
call somebody up |
phone |
calm down |
relax after being angry |
not care for somebody/something |
not like (formal) |
catch up |
get to the same point as somebody
else |
check in |
arrive and register at a hotel or
airport |
check out |
leave a hotel |
check somebody/something out |
look at carefully, investigate |
check out somebody/something |
look at (informal) |
cheer up |
become happier |
cheer somebody up |
make happier |
chip in |
help |
clean something up |
|
come across something |
find unexpectedly |
come apart |
separate |
come down with something |
become sick |
come forward |
volunteer for a task or to give
evidence |
come from some place |
originate in |
count on somebody/something |
rely on |
cross something out |
draw a line through |
cut back on something |
consume less |
cut something down |
make something fall to the ground |
cut in |
interrupt |
cut in |
pull in too closey in front of
another vehicle |
cut in |
|
cut something off |
|
cut something off |
|
cut somebody off |
|
cut something out |
|
do somebody/something over |
|
do something over |
|
do away with something |
|
do something up |
|
dress up |
|
drop back |
|
drop in/by/over |
|
drop somebody/something off |
|
drop out |
|
eat out |
|
end up |
|
fall apart |
|
fall down |
|
fall out |
|
fall out |
|
figure something out |
|
fill something in |
|
fill something out |
|
fill something up |
|
find out |
|
find something
up |
|
get something
across/over |
|
get along/on |
like each other |
get around |
have mobility |
get away |
go on a vacation |
get away with something |
do without being noticed or punished |
get back |
return |
get something back |
receive something you had before |
get back at somebody |
retaliate, take revenge |
get back into something |
become interested in something again |
get on something |
step on to a vehicle |
get over something |
recover from an illness, loss,
difficulty |
get over something |
overcome a problem |
get round to something |
finally find time to do (ame;get
around to something) |
get together |
meet (usually for social reasons) |
get up |
get out of bed |
get up |
stand |
give somebody away |
reveal hidden information about somebody |
give somebody away |
take the bride to the altar |
give something away |
ruin a secret |
give something away |
give something to somebody for free |
give something back |
return a borrowed item |
give in |
reluctantly stop fighting or arguing |
give something out |
give to many people (usually at no
cost) |
give something up |
quit a habit |
give up |
stop trying |
go after somebody |
follow somebody |
go after something |
try to achieve something |
go against somebody |
compete, oppose |
go ahead |
start, proceed |
go back |
return to a place |
go out |
leave home to go on a social event |
go out with somebody |
date |
go over something |
review |
go over |
visit somebody nearby |
go without something |
suffer lock or deprivation |
grow apart |
stop being friends over time |
grow back |
regrow |
grow into something |
grow big enough to fit |
grow out of something |
get too big for |
grow up |
become an adult |
hand something down |
give something used to somebody else |
hand something in |
submit |
hand something out |
to distribute to a group of people |
hand something over |
give (usualy unwillingly) |
hang in |
stay positive (informal) |
hang on |
wait a short time (informal) |
hang out |
spend time relaxing (informal) |
hang up |
end a phone call |
hold somebody/something back |
prevent from doing/going |
hold something back |
hide an emotion |
hold on |
wait a short time |
hold on to somebody/something |
hold firmly using your hands or arms |
hold somebody/something up |
rob |
keep on doing something |
continue doing |
keep something from somebody |
not tell |
keep somebody/something out |
stop from entering |
keep something
up |
continue at the same rate |
let somebody down |
fail to support or help, disappoint |
let somebody in |
allow to enter |
log in (or on) |
sign in (to a website, database etc) |
log out (or off) |
sign out (of a website, database etc) |
look after somebody/something |
take care of |
look down on somebody |
think less of, consider inferiror |
look for somebody/something |
try to find |
look forward to something |
be excited about the future |
look into something |
investigate |
look out |
be careful, vigilant, and take notice |
look out for somebody/something |
be especially vigilant for |
look something over |
check, examine |
look something up |
search and find information in a
reference book or database |
look up to somebody |
have a lot of respect for |
make something up |
invent, lie about something |
make up |
forgive each other |
make somebody up |
apply cosmetics to |
mix something up |
confuse two or more things |
pass away |
die |
pass out |
faint |
pass something out |
give the same thing to many people |
pass something up |
decline (usually something good) |
pay somebody back |
return owed money |
pay for something |
be punished for doing something bad |
pick something out |
choose |
point somebody/something out |
indicate with your finger |
put something down |
put what you are holding on a surface
or floor |
put somebody down |
insult, make somebody feel stupid |
put something off |
postpone |
put something out |
extinguish |
put something together |
assemble |
put up with somebody/something |
tolerate |
put something on |
put clothing/accessories on your body |
run into somebody/something |
meet unexpectedly |
run over somebody/something |
drive a vehicle over a person or
thing |
run over/through something |
rehearse, review |
run away |
leave unexpectedly, escape |
run out |
have none left |
send something back |
return (usually by mail) |
set something up |
arrange, organize |
set somebody up |
trick, trap |
shop around |
compare prices |
show off |
act extra special for people watching
(usually boastfully) |
sleep over |
stay somewhere for the night
(informal) |
sort something out |
organize, resolve a problem |
stick to something |
continue doing something, limit
yourself to one particular thing |
switch something off |
stop the energy flow, turn off |
switch something on |
start the energy flow, turn on |